Answer:
Preventive relief is a remedy granted by the court to prevent the commission of a wrongful act instead of compensating after the damage has been done. It is mainly granted in the form of injunctions.

An injunction is an order of the court restraining a person from doing a particular act. When such injunction is granted permanently, it is called a perpetual injunction.

According to Section 38 of the Specific Relief Act, 1963, a perpetual injunction may be granted to prevent the breach of an obligation existing in favor of the plaintiff.

Preventive relief is granted when:
• The defendant threatens to invade the plaintiff’s rights.
• Damages are not an adequate remedy.
• There is a continuing breach of obligation.

Example:
If A threatens to illegally construct on B’s land, B may obtain a perpetual injunction restraining A from doing so.

Section Related:
✔ Sections 36–42 – Specific Relief Act, 1963.

Answer:
A valid contract is an agreement which is enforceable by law. It creates legal rights and obligations between the parties.

According to Section 10 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872, all agreements are contracts if they are made by free consent of parties competent to contract, for a lawful consideration and lawful object, and are not expressly declared to be void.

Essentials of a Valid Contract:
• Offer and acceptance.
• Intention to create legal relationship.
• Lawful consideration.
• Capacity of parties.
• Free consent.
• Lawful object.
• Certainty of terms.
• Possibility of performance.

Example:
A agrees to sell a car to B for ₹2 lakhs. Both agree freely and lawfully. This is a valid contract.

Section Related:
✔ Section 10 – Indian Contract Act, 1872.

Answer:
Novation means substitution of a new contract in place of an old one. It results in the discharge of the original contract and creation of a new contract.

According to Section 62 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872, if the parties agree to substitute a new contract, or rescind or alter it, the original contract need not be performed.

Novation may take place by:
• Change of parties.
• Change of terms.
• Substitution of a new agreement.

All parties must agree for novation to be valid.

Example:
A owes B ₹1,000. B agrees to accept C as debtor instead of A. The old contract is discharged by novation.

Section Related:
✔ Section 62 – Indian Contract Act, 1872.

Answer:
The doctrine of privity of contract means that only the parties to a contract can sue or be sued upon it. A stranger to the contract cannot enforce the rights under it.

The contract creates rights and obligations only between the contracting parties and not in favor of third persons.

According to this doctrine, consideration must move from the promisee and only he can enforce the contract.

Exceptions to Privity:
• Trusts.
• Family settlements.
• Acknowledgement by conduct.
• Assignment of contract.
• Charge on land.

Example:
A contracts with B to pay C. C cannot sue A as he is not a party to the contract.

Answer:
A standard form of contract is a pre-prepared contract where the terms are fixed by one party and the other party has little or no power to negotiate.

Such contracts are also called adhesion contracts or take-it-or-leave-it contracts.

They are commonly used in insurance, transport, banking and online services.

Features of Standard Form Contracts:
• Prepared by one party.
• No negotiation.
• Same terms for all users.
• Saves time and cost.

Courts protect weaker parties from unfair clauses in such contracts.

Example:
Railway tickets and insurance policies are standard form contracts.