Quick Reference: What counts as “State”
In this Part, unless the context otherwise requires, the State includes the Government and Parliament of India and the Government and the Legislature of each of the States.
Quick Reference: Striking down laws against FR
All laws in force before the commencement of the Constitution which are inconsistent with the provisions of this Part shall be void to the extent of such inconsistency.
Quick Reference: Equality before law
The State shall not deny to any person equality before the law or the equal protection of the laws within the territory of India.
Quick Reference: No discrimination on religion, race, caste, sex, place of birth
The State shall not discriminate against any citizen on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, place of birth or any of them.
Quick Reference: Fair employment opportunities
No citizen shall be discriminated against in respect of any employment or office under the State on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex, descent, place of birth, residence, or any of them.
Quick Reference: Untouchability abolished
“Untouchability” is abolished and its practice in any form is forbidden. Enforcement of any disability arising out of untouchability is an offense punishable by law.
Quick Reference: No titles except military or academic
No title, not being a military or academic distinction, shall be conferred by the State.
Quick Reference: Freedom of speech, assembly, association, movement, residence, profession
All citizens shall have the right—(a) to freedom of speech and expression; (b) to assemble peaceably and without arms; (c) to form associations or unions; (d) to move freely throughout the territory of India; (e) to reside and settle in any part of the territory of India; and (f) to practice any profession, trade, or business.
Quick Reference: No ex-post-facto laws, double jeopardy
No person shall be convicted of any offense except for violation of a law in force at the time of the commission of the act, and no person shall be prosecuted and punished for the same offense more than once.
Quick Reference: Right to life and personal liberty
No person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to procedure established by law.
Quick Reference: Rights of arrested persons
No person who is arrested shall be detained without informing reasons, and no preventive detention shall exceed the maximum period prescribed by law.
Quick Reference: No human trafficking, forced labor
Traffic in human beings and forced labor is prohibited and is punishable by law.
Quick Reference: No child labor under 14 in factories
No child below the age of fourteen years shall be employed to work in any factory or mine or engaged in any hazardous employment.
Quick Reference: Freedom of conscience, religion
All persons are equally entitled to freedom of conscience and the right to freely profess, practice, and propagate religion.
Quick Reference: Religious management rights
Every religious denomination has the right to manage its own affairs in matters of religion, own and acquire property, and administer it according to law.
Quick Reference: No tax for religion
No person shall be compelled to pay any taxes for the promotion or maintenance of any particular religion.
Quick Reference: No religious instruction in state schools
No religious instruction shall be provided in any educational institution wholly maintained by the State.
Quick Reference: Rights of minorities to preserve culture
Any section of citizens with a distinct language, script, or culture has the right to conserve it.
Quick Reference: Minority education rights
Minority communities have the right to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice.
Quick Reference: Property rights (now under Article 300A)
The right to property as a fundamental right was repealed; now it is a legal right under Article 300A.
Quick Reference: Enforce FRs in court
The right to move the Supreme Court for enforcement of fundamental rights including writs like habeas corpus, mandamus, prohibition, quo warranto, and certiorari.
Quick Reference: FRs can be restricted for military, police, public servants
Parliament may restrict or abrogate fundamental rights in their application to forces, police, or public servants to ensure discipline and efficiency.
Quick Reference: Parliament can restrict FRs during emergencies
Parliament may indemnify persons for acts done during an emergency and restrict the rights under this Part as necessary.
Quick Reference: Laws to implement FRs
Parliament has the power to make laws necessary to give effect to the fundamental rights.